Spectrum Shortage for Radio Sensing? Leveraging Ambient 5G Signals for Human Activity Detection

Abstract: Radio sensing in the sub-10 GHz spectrum offers unique advantages over traditional vision-based systems, including the ability to see through occlusions and preserve user privacy. However, the limited availability of spectrum in this range presents significant challenges for deploying large-scale radio sensing applications. In this paper, we introduce Ambient Radio Sensing (ARS), a novel Integrated Sensing and Communications (ISAC) approach that addresses spectrum scarcity by repurposing over-the-air radio signals from existing wireless systems (e.g., 5G and Wi-Fi) for sensing applications, without interfering with their primary communication functions. ARS operates as a standalone device that passively receives communication signals, amplifies them to illuminate surrounding objects, and captures the reflected signals using a self-mixing RF architecture to extract baseband features. This hardware innovation enables robust Doppler and angular feature extraction from ambient OFDM signals. To support downstream applications, we propose a cross-modal learning framework focusing on human activity recognition, featuring a streamlined training process that leverages an off-the-shelf vision model to supervise radio model training. We have developed a prototype of ARS and validated its effectiveness through extensive experiments using ambient 5G signals, demonstrating accurate human skeleton estimation and body mask segmentation applications.

Recommended citation: K. Song, M. Zingraff and H. Zeng, "Spectrum Shortage for Radio Sensing? Leveraging Ambient 5G Signals for Human Activity Detection," IEEE INFOCOM 2026 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Tokyo, Japan, 2026, pp. 1-10, doi: 10.1109/INFOCOM59046.2026.11571246.
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